Self-Medication Among Patients with Chronic Conditions in Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Prevalence and Predictors in a Resource-Constrained Setting

Abstract

Background: Patients with chronic diseases often resort to self-medication due to financial constraints and restricted access to healthcare. This behavior raises significant concerns, especially regarding antimicrobial resistance and adverse health effects. However, data on self-medication practices among chronically ill patients in Iraq remain limited. Objective: To assess the prevalence of self-medication among Iraqi patients with chronic diseases and identify the demographic, clinical, and sociocultural factors influencing this behavior. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and April 2025, involving 398 adult patients with chronic illnesses from both urban and rural areas in Iraq. Data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression to identify independent predictors of self-medication. Results: Self-medication was reported by 54.02% of participants. Higher rates were observed among women (58.1%), low-income individuals (67.4%), those with multiple chronic conditions (66.0%), and urban residents (89.3% vs. 59.6% rural; p<0.001). Independent predictors included urban residency (OR 3387.6), younger age (OR 0.85), and having multiple chronic conditions (OR 57.5) (all p<0.001). Conclusion: Self-medication is prevalent among chronically ill Iraqi patients and is significantly influenced by socioeconomic and clinical factors. Urgent policy and educational interventions are needed to mitigate associated risks.